Solving Poverty A Widespread Disease - 930 Words

Ravi Parashar Ms. Thompson AP Lang 1B March 12, 2014 Final Draft Steps to Solving Poverty Poverty is a widespread disease, afflicting about 3 billion people around the world, that can be cured by taking effective measures. However, it seems incurable by the sheer amount of people affected by it and the convoluted, multifaceted reasons it is caused. This horrible affliction has perhaps hit developing countries the hardest, where around 98% of the undernourished children reside, creating an atmosphere of melancholy. These developing nations include some big countries like Brazil, India, and China with large populations suffering from low standard of living. It is tragic that so many people have to endure such harsh conditions. It is imperative to find a solution to poverty if we wish to progress as a society. Many politicians claim that poverty is one of the foremost factors hindering economies from progressing. Clearly, for the betterment of humankind we must find a solution, and soon at that. Firstly, we must realize that the definition of poverty is relative, and can be influenced by certain viewpoints and opinions. However, the most common definition of poverty is the condition where people’s basic needs of clothing, food, and shelter are not being met. Some other basic needs include sanitation, water, and health care. This definition is also known as the condition of absolute poverty, and is not up to controversy or impacted by any biases. Poverty has adversely negativeShow MoreRelatedPoverty Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty in simple terms is the lack of adequate money to meet basic needs including shelter, food, and clothing. 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Concern in educational attainment between social groups Free Essays

Nelson Mandela grew up in a state divided by apartheid. A black adult male in a state where a white minority ruled, he had a vision for South Africa ; to be one state regardless of race. In 1994 he became the first black president of South Africa – testament, so, that barriers, of any sort, should non be ground for or an apology for deficiency of attainment or accomplishment of any sort and, that barriers can be overcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Concern in educational attainment between social groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is widely agreed that there are legion barriers to educational accomplishment and societal inclusion, among them Special Educational Needs ( SEN )[ 1 ]and disablement, Ethnicity and English as an Additional Language, and gender to call but a few. The purpose of this essay nevertheless, is to look at merely one of the barriers faced in this state, poorness, and to look at how students within this societal group are affected and how poverty affects their educational accomplishment, farther, the essay will look briefly at the development of inclusive instruction and what is presently being addressed by this and subsequent authoritiess in order that pupils, irrespective of circumstance can hold equality in instruction. In order to associate poorness with educational accomplishment and attainment spreads, a background to poorness and societal inclusion within instruction will be outlined followed by the first portion of the analysis which will look at the historical overview of inclusive instruction, current policy and counsel and its impact on minority groups ; the 2nd portion of the analysis will analyze the effects of poorness and how, in peculiar, students entitled to FSM ‘s[ 2 ]impact on the spread in educational attainment compared against kids non entitled to FSM ‘s. The concluding degree of the analysis will look at the importance of contracting the spread and the debut of the twenty-first Century School. What is poorness? At this point it is necessary to observe that, through research, it became evident that there is an ill-defined and infinite definition about what ‘poverty ‘ is and how it should be measured. However, most of the research leads to an understanding that poorness is to be related to in footings of ‘typical ‘ life criterions within the UK and the undermentioned definition is widely accepted: ‘Individuals, households and groups in the population can be said to be in poorness when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, take part in the activities, and have the life conditions and comfortss which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies in which they belong. ‘ P Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom: a study of family resources and criterions of life, Penguin, 1979, p31 The most important point made above and which is the chief cause of poorness is ‘resources ‘ ; to underscore more clearly, the chief cause of poorness is deficient income/unemployment which, for grownups with kids straight impacts on them and their well-being. Although the UK has a system of benefits which should protect households with kids from poorness, these excessively are deemed as excessively low. In relation to this, it accepted that whilst grownups do non take for themselves the route of poorness, for kids of parents populating in poorness there is no alternate and they are hence non merely kids but could be described as victims of circumstance. Poverty is non merely about traveling without it is about being deprived of equality in countries such as wellness, lodging and regard and, in the instance of kids, instruction. In concurrence with the definition ( above ) the DCSF ( 2009 ) goes on to depict child poorness entirely as ‘Child poorness agencies turning up in a family with low income. Research has shown that these kids will confront a greater hazard of holding hapless wellness, being exposed to offense and neglecting to make their full potency. It means they miss out on school trips, do non hold equal winter vesture and are n’t able to bask leisure activities with their equals. As a consequence, their instruction suffers – doing it hard to acquire the makings they need to travel on to sustainable, well-paid occupations. This limits their possible to gain the money needed to back up their ain households in ulterior life, and so a rhythm of poorness is created. ‘ www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/parents/childpoverty/childpoverty/ What is Social inclusion? As with poorness, in order to associate societal inclusion with educational accomplishment and attainment spreads, a background and apprehension of the issues refering to societal inclusion demand to be outlined. The term ‘social exclusion ‘ is a term by and large used to depict what can go on to people who are capable to the most terrible jobs, and are hence no longer ‘socially included. ‘ As noted above, kids have no pick of background ; they are born into it and hence find themselves in poorness as a consequence of their birth circumstance. For a kid non to be socially included brings effects above and beyond economic poorness entirely. It is by and large considered that to be ‘socially excluded ‘ as a immature and waxy kid can hold far making effects damaging to both instruction and wellness hence, to surmise, to be socially excluded is to confront exclusion non merely economically but socially and academically excessively. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/social_exclusion_task_force/context.aspx Historical development of inclusive policy A ; counsel Bearing in head the old points, it is necessary now focus on how this and old authoritiess have attempted to get the better of some of these issues through inclusive instruction. It should besides be noted that whilst this essay is concentrating, in the chief, on the impact of poorness on educational accomplishment, the roots of inclusive instruction lay preponderantly with another minority group, kids with larning difficulties/special educational demands ( SEN ) . However, as acknowledged above ; through circumstance, students from households who are deemed as in poorness have now been identified as a group who are under accomplishing academically and, hence, as with students with SEN are a recognized minority group for which an inclusive instruction should profit. Inclusion is non a new thought and in fact has its roots at the bend of the last century where educationists, in peculiar kid public assistance innovator Elizabeth Burgwin, saw neither the purpose nor virtuousness in, what was so segregated instruction and that versions could be made to ordinary schools in order to educate all kids, whatever their ability or circumstance, together, nevertheless, there was another sentiment that kids could be ‘categorised ‘ harmonizing to their ability and taught in ‘special ‘ schools. These were kids who, in the words of the School Board for London ( 1904 ) were kids who could non be taught in ‘ordinary ‘ schools. ( Thomas, Walker and Webb, 1998 ) It became accepted that ‘segregated ‘ education/’special schools was the safe and reasonable manner frontward to run into the demands of kids with SEN ; farther, this format of schooling safeguarded the instruction of mainstream students in ‘ordinary ‘ schools, so the 1944 Education Act scripted an highly segregative station war instruction system. It was non until the mid-1960 ‘s when grounds showed deficiency of success in the system that opinions began to alter and instruction looked toward ‘integration ‘ and inclusion ( Thomas et al. , 1998 ) . Given so that the intent of inclusion within instruction is that students with SEN are integrated into mainstream instruction it is of import here to observe the difference between integrating and inclusion. The term ‘Integration ‘ was introduced in 1978 in the Warnock Report and referred to the thought of incorporating kids with SEN into a common educational model. The thought has since progressed to include all kids, non merely those with an identified SEN, but kids from all minority groups irrespective of gender, ethnicity or circumstance [ poorness ] so that a to the full inclusive instruction should be to the full inclusive of all kids and is seen to encompass diverseness. ( Warnock Report ‘special educational demands ‘ 1978 chapter 7 ) ( House of Commons: Select Committee on Education and Skills Third ReportA A 2006 ) Clarification of inclusion policy: Specifying inclusion p58 ) . Inclusive instruction ‘Promoting excellence in instruction and undertaking disadvantage demands we personalise learning and acquisition and back strong, advanced leading in schools ‘ Ed Balls, Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families July 2007 – nowadays[ 3 ] ECM – Address to the National Children ‘s Bureau, 23rd July, 2007 The rule and patterns of inclusive instruction hence suggests that all students in a school, irrespective of their strengths or failings in any country, go portion of the school community ; that they are included in the feeling of belonging among other students, instructors, and back up staff farther, schools have a legal duty to educate all regardless of gender, ethnicity or circumstance in mainstream schools. Interrupting the nexus ( DSCF, 2009 ) identified that a FSM student is besides more likely to hold been identified with particular educational demands ( SEN ) and will be more likely to hold a CoP[ 4 ]statement or categorised as School Action or SA+ , it is possible that this group will besides be of a group of BEM or BESD[ 5 ]which have besides been identified as an under executing societal group. It is by and large considered that there is a relationship between these factors and intercessions such as individualized acquisition, as identified within the QCA model for inclusion, is critical to adhere to in order for advancement. For these identified groups, inclusion is non needfully merely understanding that every student will non be working on the same larning aims as every other student within that group but that the teaching method will be about recognizing where distinction would be appropriate in order to back up and suit the different acquisition demands and manners of the social/learning group and that a elaborate attack to supervising their betterment is in topographic point in order that marks may be stretched and met. Personalised acquisition ( distinction ) therefore, will be cardinal to raising accomplishment and therefore should be a cardinal constituent to contracting the spread and working towards a civilization where a kid ‘s opportunities of success are non limited by their socio-economic background, gender, ethnicity or any disablement or circumstance. Working within the inclusive model nevertheless should non be viewed as a barrier for either student or staff ; inclusion needs to be viewed as a go oning procedure of interrupting down barriers and contracting the spread to educational attainment for all kids and immature people. There are a figure of Torahs turn toing favoritism in instruction and therefore support inclusive instruction in the UK. Arguably, the most of import piece of statute law passed in recent old ages is the Every Child Matters ( ECM ) policy which, launched in 2003, was published alongside the formal response to the study into the decease of Victoria Climbie[ 6 ]and gave rise to the 2004 Children ‘s act. ECM covers kids and immature grownups up to the age of 19 ( or 24 for those with disablements ) and is the Government ‘s purpose is for every kid, whatever their background or circumstance, to hold the support needed to: Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and accomplish Make a positive part Achieve economic wellbeing The ECM policy focussed on Inclusive Education A ; Equality of Opportunity and placed high on the docket 3 chief countries: Human Rights – Childs have a right to larn and play together, they should non be discriminated against and inclusion is concerned with bettering schools for both students and staff likewise Equal Opportunities in Education – Children do better in inclusive scenes ( academically and socially ) , they should non necessitate to be separated in order to accomplish equal academic position and inclusive instruction is a more effectual usage of resources Social Opportunities – inclusive instruction is on portion of inclusion in society, kids need to be involved with all their equals. Assuming so that ECM and the 2004 Children ‘s act are back uping and approving inclusion, it is interesting to observe that there is grounds to propose, through the attainment spread, that societal minority groups, despite advancement and the inclusion and integrating advocated in the Warnock Report, are still under accomplishing and, that the construct of inclusive instruction is still discussed as though it applies merely to kids with an identified SEN and is non taking history of all societal minority groups, but as identified in the ‘Index for Inclusion ‘ below, it does, in fact, have a much wider range, inclusion in instruction involves: ( Booth and Ainscow 2000 ) Valuing all pupils and staff every bit. Increasing the engagement of pupils in, and cut downing their exclusion from, the civilizations, course of study and communities of local schools. Restructuring the civilizations, policies and patterns in schools so that they respond to the diverseness of pupils in the vicinity. Reducing barriers to larning and engagement for all pupils, non merely those with damages or those who are categorised as ‘having particular educational demands ‘ . Learning from efforts to get the better of barriers to the entree and engagement of peculiar pupils to do alterations for the benefit of pupils more widely. Sing the difference between pupils as resources to back up acquisition, instead than every bit jobs to be overcome. Admiting the right of pupils to an instruction in their vicinity. Bettering schools for staff every bit good as for pupils. Underscoring the function of schools in edifice community and developing values, every bit good as in increasing accomplishment. Fostering reciprocally prolonging relationships between schools and communities. Poverty and the effects on instruction It is the purpose of this and subsequent authoritiess to raise accomplishment for all students and to interrupt the nexus between disadvantage [ poorness ] and low educational attainment. In 1999, the [ so ] authorities pledged to halve child poorness by 2010 and eliminate it by 2020, in response to this, in 2008 the authorities published a paper: Ending Child Poverty – Making it Happen 2008 underscoring their committedness to guarantee non merely that each consecutive coevals is able to derive better occupations, but that everyone has the opportunity to accomplish their possible, no affair what their background, farther the paper announced that a kid poorness Bill will be introduced in 2009. The Child Poverty Act 2010[ 7 ]ensures that sustained action must be taken to undertake child poorness by this, and hereafter, authoritiess, by devolved disposals, and by local authorities and their spouses. The act sets marks associating to the obliteration of kid poorness, and to do other proviso about child poorness. The Bill provides a statutory footing to the committedness made in 1999 and to make a model in which to supervise advancement at a national and local degree. Relevant to poorness and instruction nevertheless, is section 26 of the act which makes an amendment to the of the Education Act 1996 and gives the Secretary of State an order-making power to widen eligibility for free school repasts ( FSM ‘s ) if the kid meets prescribed conditions and the kid ‘s parent is in reception of a prescribed benefit or allowance. ( Child Poverty Act, 2010 ) Research carried out by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2007 reinforced that the links between poorness and instruction were clear but complicated and that to interrupt the established relationship between poorness and hapless educational results required a alteration to the implicit in constructions ( Raffo, Dyson, Gunter, Hall, Jones, Kalambouka JRF A Review of research on the links between instruction and Poverty, September 2007 ) . Since so and with the coming of the Child Poverty Act and the End Child Poverty Campaign, inroads have been made and some 500,000 kids have been lifted out of poorness[ 8 ]nevertheless, there are still presently 4 million kids in the UK life in poorness, as defined above, which equates to an overpowering 30 % of kids all within the UK, farther, the UK has one of the worst rates of child poorness in the industrialized universe. It could be argued therefore that poorness has the ability to befog the possible and chance of a kid and hence limit the life opportunities of the kid. Evidence suggests that poorness has the capableness of determining a kid ‘s development ; before making the age of 2 ; a kid from a poorer household is more likely to be demoing lower degrees of attainment than that of a kid from a better off household and that kids turning up in poorness are more likely to go forth school at 16 with fewer makings ( End Child Poverty ; 2010 ) . In the preface to Removing Barriers to Achievement ( DfES, 2004 ) a set of specific educational ends were expressed. Chiefly, instruction is targeted as a agency to incorporate persons into society and to learn them the accomplishments necessary to take part contribute and achieve their possible. Therefore it can be assumed that the impression of inclusive instruction is a basic human right of every kid regardless of circumstance. Given so that the chance for full clip instruction is available for all and, that under international human rights jurisprudence ( and, in peculiar, Articles 28 and 29 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) which cover the right to instruction ) , the UK has an duty to supply [ inclusive ] instruction for all kids. ( UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: 1989 ) If it is the instance so, that ‘the right of the kid to instruction, and with a position to accomplishing this right increasingly on the footing of equal chance ‘ ( Article 28 ) , it is interesting to observe that on mean hapless kids score less good on a scope of educational steps such as reading trials in early old ages and GCSE consequences in secondary instruction, foregrounding the predicament of poorness in instruction. With the statement made in the: Ending Child Poverty papers [ to guarantee non merely that each consecutive coevals is able to derive better occupations, but that everyone has the opportunity to accomplish their possible, no affair what their background ] it must follow, hence, that portion of the reply lies in instruction as the way to a better occupation lies with makings. During the last 10 old ages schools, nationally, have benefited from authorities investing and statistics show that the attainment spread is shuting nevertheless, grounds shows that there is still a nexus between household income and accomplishment. Approximately 15 % of all students are entitled to FSM ‘s but as demonstrated [ below ] , these students are less likely to acquire 5 good ACEM[ 9 ]compared to those students non in reception of FSM. For that ground, poorness and want remain an on-going country of concern. ( DCSF: Interrupting the Link, 2009 ) The importance so of FSM ‘s for eligible students should non be under estimated as a agency to shuting the spread in educational attainment as, to mention back to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) , article 27 provinces that no kid in the UK should travel hungry. Abraham Maslow is known for set uping the theory of a hierarchy of demands, which places, in a pyramid, the order basic demands need for motive. At the underside, are the physical demands which, although basic, we will non work comfortably without. The basic human demand is for nutrient, H2O and slumber. The center of the pyramid trades with the emotion and at the really top is self fulfillment. Using this theory illustrates and reinforces the importance of FSM ‘s for students eligible as without their basic demand met students will non work to the best of their ability as demonstrated below. Assuming so that, a kid is fed, research has shown that there is a important and immediate consequence of diet on behavior, concentration and cognitive ability. Areas straight associating to educational attainment affected by nutrition have been identified as: Developmental upsets e.g. dyslexia and dyspraxia, Memory Concentration Intelligence Attention span Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Aggression Accomplishment ( Sorhaindo, A. A ; Feinstein, L. 2006 ‘What is the relationship between kid nutrition and school outcomes? ‘ Wider Benefits of Learning Research Report No 18. Centre for Research of Wider Benefits of Learning ) p 7, 11. If it is the instance so that nutrition has a clear impact on the public presentation of a student, it must hence be of premier importance to guarantee that all students entitled to FSM are in reception of them. In add-on to the above, nutrition is besides believed to impact upon behavior, which has the potency besides to impact school public presentation and interaction with equals, and compromise self-pride ( Sorhaindo et.al. , 2006 ) However, research carried out for the DCSF by the Key Stage 2 A ; 4: National Indicator Set has shown that where students are in reception of FSM academic attainment is lower at every key phase ( as the focal point group identified is secondary students, relevant statistics merely are identified ) . By the sheer fact that a student is entitled to FSM indicates that they are from a household whose parents or carers are in reception of benefit and are hence are on low income and are entitled to use to their local authorization to claim FSM ‘s. The usage of the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index ( IDACI ) is used in order to find FSM eligibility. This nevertheless, this is by no means a perfect system, as it misses out kids from households who do non use for all the benefit to which they are entitled ; in so making pushes the household farther into economic pandemonium as tiffins that need non needfully be paid for now become, unnecessarily, portion of the household budget. ( DCSF: Want and Education 2009 ) An attainment spread ( measured by students entitled to FSM ) is measured at each cardinal phase ; it begins at cardinal phase 1 and additions at each key phase through instruction. By the terminal of cardinal phase 4, research has shown that there was a 29 per centum point spread between FSM and non FSM students in English and a 28 per centum point spread in maths. This equates to a non FSM student holding over three times the odds of accomplishing an A*-C class in these topics compared to an FSM student. In 2007 Merely 21 % of FSM students achieved 5 ACEM[ 10 ], compared to 49 % of non FSM students. This figure had narrowed somewhat from the statistics available for 2003, whereby a non FSM student had 3.8 times the odds of accomplishing 5+ACEM, but this ratio has fallen over clip to merely 3.1 in 2007. ( DCSF: Want and Education 2009 ) . With a nexus in educational attainment holding been identified and linked to amongst others, poorness and FSM ‘s it is necessary to look at how this spread can be narrowed ; for every bit long as poorness exists in childhood there will be an addition in the hazard of grownup poorness. Intergenerational rhythms of poorness are non unbreakable or inevitable, but alterations need to be implemented or there will be a hazard that, in future old ages, the spread in attainment will impact on society, as there will be kids go forthing instruction with fewer accomplishments required by employers when come ining into the work force, which will finally impede economic growing. There is grounds to propose that poorness need non be the cause to achievement or attainment. Research carried out by Jason Strelitz, policy adviser on UK kid poorness for Save the Children, showed that with successful fiscal and policy intercession by national authorities ‘poverty ‘ as a cardinal barrier to educational attainment can be eliminated ( Jason Strelitz, The Guardian Newspaper, Thursday 21 August 2008 ) . It has been shown and is acknowledged that FSM ‘s are a clear indexs of public presentation nevertheless, in London in 2007, the mean attainment spread of kids on FSM and non FSM ‘s was 27 per centum points, the spread in public presentation between kids on FSM in the best authorization and the worst was wider still ; 37 per centum points proposing that it is non FSM in isolation entirely that is seen as a barrier but geographics and ZIP code. To exemplify ; two contrasting London boroughs: Kensington and Chelsea, with few kids on FSM, besides Tower Hamlets, who had the highest proportion of kids on FSM anyplace in the state. In 1998 Tower Hamlets ranked as one of lowest-performing governments in the state for educational attainment ; 10 old ages subsequently their consequences were above norm across the board and, for the poorest kids among the really best. It appeared the reply for Tower Hamlets was investing. During the 10 twelvemonth period identified, investing and e ducational enterprises were focused on deprived countries and the consequences were outstanding. With the exclusion of one, all of the 30 local governments that were identified saw betterment in their GCSE attainment since 1998. All, saloon one, had above mean per-pupil support. ( Strelitz, 2008 ) . This clearly demonstrates how investing in instruction can work to contract the spread in attainment and that poorness, is non needfully a barrier to instruction. However, it should be remembered that the investing has been made in the educational system/framework non the person and that the kids themselves, due to household circumstance, are still really in poorness although the chance of a good/better instruction has been afforded them and which will be the key to their hereafter and the chance for them to travel on into higher instruction or employment giving them the chance of interrupting intergenerational rhythms of poorness. It is clear so from the above that jobs within the instruction system have been identified and are being addressed, through statute law thrust and frontward thought as fiscal investing entirely will non work out the job, nevertheless, it does bespeak that the job can be solved. Working on the guidelines for alteration recommended in ECM the authorities has produced a series of documents aimed at sketching the manner frontward to contract the spread for specific groups. June 2009 saw the publication of the current authoritiess ‘ white paper: Building a twenty-first Century School System along with Interrupting the Link. Constructing a twenty-first Century School System proposes the manner forward for instruction. It paperss how this and future authoritiess will construct on the bing school system to make a new system that will supply an instruction that is able to move in response to the challenges of society. Further it looks at and endorses a wholly inclusive educational system taking to interrupt the nexus between want, disadvantage, disablement and low educational attainment and so impacts upon intergenerational poorness as discussed above and where every kid, irrespective of gender, ethnicity or circumstance [ poorness ] will hold the chance to develop and derive the accomplishments necessary to win in the of all time altering planetary clime. ( DCSF: twenty-first Century School System ) One component of the twenty-first Century School is ‘Extended ‘ services within schools. This has now been implemented in 72 % of schools countrywide and it is intended that by the terminal of 2010 all schools will offer ‘extended ‘ school services. The purpose being, to hold integrated wellness and societal attention on site every bit good as kid attention and after school installations ; thereby guaranting that jobs which may potentially stand in the manner of students larning are more easy and readily cover with. However, informations to day of the month shows that whilst consciousness of and satisfaction with services among parents is comparatively high, there remains a engagement spread between FSM eligible students and those non eligible, with non FSM demoing typically a 10 % higher engagement rate. The issue hence is to farther promote the deprived groups and, in peculiar those eligible for FSM, to take part and do usage of the offer. The engagement spr ead indicates that kids from poorer backgrounds are less likely than their equals to hold used to such installations and are hence less likely to province that the service meets their demands on the other manus the information shows clearly that advancement is being been made in enabling deprived kids to take part in quality after school activities, but that more demands to be done to maximize the benefits of these activities to convey this groups battle with acquisition. ( DSCF: Interrupting the Link, 2009 ) Decision It is non poverty entirely that is the barrier to educational accomplishment. Poverty is circumstance. This and subsequent authoritiess can, and should put in instruction in order to give our kids the chance they need to interrupt away from intergenerational poorness and to shut the spread in educational accomplishment and societal inclusion. While kids are denied their basic human right of an instruction – equal for all, no affair their current circumstance, they will stay in poorness. Bettering life opportunities through instruction, for all, is non an unrealistic aspiration but does demand the committedness of policymakers, both national and local, schools, spouse bureaus and parents to work together, to be focused on presenting alteration for all. As Nelson Mandela broke through his barrier and proved that race need non keep back accomplishment, this state excessively can interrupt down barriers ; kids from all backgrounds can accomplish – poorness does non and should non be a barrier to attainment. 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Review of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Review of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Answer: Introduction: Nursing care for chronic illnesses involves influence from multiple factors. In order to ensure safe and high quality care the nurse must ensure that the patient needs and the clinical needs are met. It can be ensured by the prioritisation of care and it is considered to be the integral part of the daily nursing practice (Harrison et al., 2017). The essay deals with Peter Mitchell presented with the uncontrolled diabetes and obesity. The aim of the essay is to manage the chronic illness integrating various principles. Applying the clinical reasoning cycle the main health issues of Peter will be identified, and two priorities of care will be discussed. According to Levett-Jones, clinical reasoning involves collection of cues, followed by information processing, understanding the health problems of the patient, implementing the interventions, evaluating the outcomes and reflecting on learning process (Barker, Linsley Trueman, 2016). The first step in clinical reasoning process is taking into consideration the patients situation and it involves listing of facts, objects or people (Dalton et al., 2015). Peter Michell, (52 years) is presented to medical ward with poorly controlled diabetes. He is troubled with sleep apnoea and obesity ventilation syndrome. For cues and information, the nurse must review the current information from the exiting handover, and asses for collecting new information (Barker, Linsley Trueman, 2016). On obtaining information from the clinical handover, it was found that patient has history of diabetes since 9 years; he has morbid obesity, hypertension, depression since three months, apnoea and Gastro oesophageal disease reflux disease. The patient is smoking since last 30 years. Social appears to be poor as he lives alone and his children rarely visit him. He is unable to cope up with his weight gain. His diabetes intervention, insulin led him to leave job. He is surviving only on governm ent benefits. He avoids socialization owing to his illness. He appears to be motivated to lose weight and is currently under medication. As per the previous assessment the Peter has HR 102 Bpm, BP 180/92mmHg, RR 23 Bpm, and Sp02 95%, Obesity, blood pressure, hypertension, and diabetes may be interrelated as per knowledge pathophysiology. The vital signs and symptoms demonstrated the risk of heart diseases (Koolhaas et al., 2017). Processing the collected information is important to identify the main heath issue of the patient. This part of the clinical reasoning involves analysing the data to understand the signs and symptoms of the patients and relate with the cues to identify the relationships (Barker, Linsley Trueman, 2016). It will help predict the necessary clinical outcomes in Peter. The patient has weight 145kgs and height 170cms, that can be calculated to have BMI around 50.2. A BMI of 30 or less than 30 is normal and above this range is considered obesity. The patient presenting ventilation syndrome and apnoea may be related to obesity. According to Castro-An et al. (2015) obesity disturbs the breathing process resulting low blood oxygen level and buildup of carbon di-oxide. It may have caused the ventilation syndrome. It affects sleeping process due to episodes of shallow breathing causing apnoea. People with excess weight have soft tissues in mouth and throat that may cause obstruction of airway d uring sleep. Smoking also causes apnoea through airway obstruction (Kent et al., 2015). It requires immediate intervention to prevent further deterioration. Patient history of hypertension is due to both obesity and diabetes. Hypertension is known as high blood pressure. The normal BP should be 120/80 and the patient has 180/92. Increase in fatty tissues in the body with weight gain increases vascular resistance and pressure on arteries. It causes the heart to pump more blood. Obesity is known as the major cause of type 2 diabetes. Obesity increases the insulin production to compensate the blood sugar level. It results in diabetes. Diabetes causes arthrosclerosis, thereby increasing blood pressure. It is the risk factor for stroke, and kidney damage (Koolhaas et al., 2017).The patient has high heart rate that is 102 bpm which is greater than the normal 100 bpm. The respiratory rate of the patient is 23 bpm which is greater than the normal 12-20 bpm. The increased respiratory and heart rate may be due to excess adipose tissues that restricts the movement of chest muscle and diaphragm. The increase in blood pressure, heart rate and respira tory rate, may lead to heart failure. It is also the risk factors for collapsibility of pharyngeal tract (Lycett et al., 2015). Depression in the Peter may be associated with illness and deterioration as well as social isolation. Stresses due to illness, smoking and social isolation are known to elevate depression (Snoek et al., 2015). Further, the gastro oesophageal disease reflux in patient is also associated with obesity. Lower oesophagealsphincterin obese people is displaced due to high intra-abdominal pressure. It results in increased gastro-oesophagealgradient. Obesity with diabetes further worsens this disease by damaging the nerves that is neuropathy. It may be improved by better glycemic control. Diaphoresis is also common to both obesity and diabetes (Punjabi et al., 2015). It can be concluded that obesity and diabetes are the major health issue of the patient. In order to establish the nursing goals, it is important to identify the patient problems by synthesising facts and inferences (Barker, Linsley Trueman, 2016). Based on the above analysis, the main issues identified are obesity due to excess weight and diabetes due to poorly controlled blood glucose level. However, obesity is the root of all the complications. The symptoms presented by Peter such as diaphoresis, shakiness and other deviation in vitals signs are all common to obesity and diabetes. These symptoms require immediate intervention as there is increasing risk of heart failure, liver, kidney damage. Weight gain increases obesity and diabetes, which increases the appetite and further weight gain. The symptoms of both the diseases are interrelated like a vicious cycle. Adequate nursing plan will help decrease the comorbidities and improve the quality of life. Taking action plan to reduce weight and glucose control will help Peter improve his social life and overcome depressio n. It will help him better participate in his activities of daily living. Based on the analysis two health priorities are identified to develop appropriate nursing actions. The two health issues in Peter are obesity due to excess weight gain, and uncontrolled diabetes. Reducing weight and controlling glucose level will eventually improve all the associated complications and are two priorities of care. Appropriate nursing action plan is developed to fulfil the two nursing priorities of care. Actions are based on the evidence and include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The non-pharmacological interventions are lifestyle interventions. To fulfil the first priority, the patient may be administered with the orlistat as it effectively decreases the absorption of dietary fat by 30% (Yanovski Yanovski, 2014). It also improves sensitivity to insulin. The patient will be educated to lose weight and engage in exercises. The benefits and implications will be explained to ensure compliance to the treatment. It will be followed by collaboration with dietician to develop effective weight reduction and diet plan for Peter (Sharma Lau, 2013). The plan will include weight loss protocol with weekly target. The patient may be recommended to intake high protein diet and low fat food. It will help decrease cholesterol (Franz et al., 2015). Further, patient will be engaged in weight reduction by exercise program. It may be aerobics or brisk walking, to help manage the sugar level. Peter can participate for five days in a week for 30 minutes in swimming (Koolhaas et al., 2017). To fulfil the second priority, the nurse may administer the glucose lowering tablets such as metaformin. It is a glycosidase inhibitor. It is also helpful to reduce weight as well. Alongside insulin may be administered. The dosage may be adjusted to prevent hyperglycemia. In addition the patient may be administered with the anti-hypertensive medication to control high blood pressure such as metaprolol. It will prevent the risk of heart failure (Yang et al., 2018). The nurse may enhance self care in Peter by educating him about the self care. He may be trained to self monitor glucose. Educating patient about effect of smoking on diabetes, will motivate Peter to accept healthy behaviour (Lycett et al., 2015). He will be better able to manage the diabetes and obesity complications (Franz et al., 2015). Also he has depression, so he will be referred to psychiatrist. It will help Peter stop smoking, cope with weight loos interventions and overcome depression (Baumeister et al., 2014). After action plan, evaluating the efficacy of the clinical outcomes is important part of nursing care that helps achieve desired goals (Dalton Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The patient may be monitored for any sign of ketoacidosis, as it may lead to death in untreated condition. Peters weight should be monitored regularly along with other vital signs. It includes his blood pressure, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. Considering the medication, it may be effective to monitor hyperglycaemic condition. The patient will be monitored for diet plan adherence and exercise program to make modifications (American Diabetes Association, 2015). Reflection on the care process seems that it may be challenging for Peter to follow the dietary recommendations. I will support him through motivational therapy and involve in group discussions. It will improve social life and minimise stress (Baumeister, Hutter Bengel, 2014). In conclusion, the case study helped understand the clinical reasoning process. It allows nurses to design goal driven care plan for the chronic condition. Applying clinical reasoning cycle, the care plan for Peter is designed based on evidence. The essay helped gain valuable insights into prioritisation of care by analysing the health issues obesity and diabetes. The interventions were targeted to two priorities of care that are weight reduction and control glucose level. The interventions will help improve peters health related quality of life. References American Diabetes Association. (2015). 3. Initial evaluation and diabetes management planning.Diabetes Care,38(Supplement 1), S17-S19. Barker, J., Linsley, P., Trueman, I. (2016). Clinical judgement and decision making.Evidence-based Practice for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals, 45. Baumeister, H., Hutter, N., Bengel, J. (2014). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane review.Diabetic Medicine,31(7), 773-786. Castro-An, O., de Llano, L. A. P., De la Fuente Snchez, S., Golpe, R., Marote, L. M., Castro-Castro, J., Quintela, A. G. (2015). Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: increased risk of death over sleep apnea syndrome.PLoS One,10(2), e0117808. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Franz, M. J., Boucher, J. L., Rutten-Ramos, S., VanWormer, J. J. (2015). Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,115(9), 1447-1463. Harrison, C., Falvo, D., Weiss, V., Holland, B. E. (2017).Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability. Jones Bartlett Learning. Kent, B. D., McNicholas, W. T., Ryan, S. (2015). Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in obstructive sleep apnoea.Journal of thoracic disease,7(8), 1343. Koolhaas, C. M., Dhana, K., Schoufour, J. D., Ikram, M. A., Kavousi, M., Franco, O. H. (2017). Impact of physical activity on the association of overweight and obesity with cardiovascular disease: The Rotterdam Study.European journal of preventive cardiology,24(9), 934-941. Lycett, D., Nichols, L., Ryan, R., Farley, A., Roalfe, A., Mohammed, M. A., ... Aveyard, P. (2015). The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,3(6), 423-430. Punjabi, P., Hira, A., Prasad, S., Wang, X., Chokhavatia, S. (2015). Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the diabetic patient.Journal of diabetes,7(5), 599-609. Sharma, A. M., Lau, D. C. (2013). Weight management in diabetes.Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications,37, 82. Snoek, F. J., Bremmer, M. A., Hermanns, N. (2015). Constructs of depression and distress in diabetes: time for an appraisal.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,3(6), 450-460. Yang, T., Hao, Y., Zhou, S., Jiang, Y., Xu, X., Qu, B., ... Liu, W. (2018). GW26-e0732 Superior Dynamic Heart Rate Control and Non-Inferior Blood Pressure Control with Bisoprolol vs Metoprolol Sustained Release Tablet in Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension: CREATIVE Study.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,66(16 Supplement), C202. Yanovski, S. Z., Yanovski, J. A. (2014). Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review.Jama,311(1), 74-86.

Malcolm X Essays (621 words) - Nation Of Islam,

Malcolm X All men are created equal. This statement was the basis of the civil right movements of the 1960's. Malcom X is a man that promoted a society in which all human beings were equally respected. He believes that blacks should achieve that goal by any means necessary. In a time when blacks were not allowed to sit in the front of the bus, using the same bathroom, or were not admitted to Universities. Malcom X's cry of justice was believed to be the voice of all blacks behind closed doors. Malcom Little grew up as poor and did not have much parental support. His father was run over by a street car when he was six. Soon after his father's death, his mother was put in a mental hospital. He grew up in East Lansing and Boston. He was a pimp, a hustler, drug user, and a drug dealer. He worked in the Harlem underworld and was almost killed by his boss after he betrayed him. Malcom turned to robbery and was caught by the police and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor. While in jail, he was introduced to the Nation of Islam, a Black Muslim group, and changed his name to Malcom X. The X replaced the slave name that was given by the white masters and stands for the his real name that he never knew. After his release from prison he started preaching for the Nation of Islam (NOI). His preaching was known for its hatred overtone. He describes America as a house with a "bomb" inside and it is about to explode. Unless the white people want the house to explode and kill everyone inside, they should take the bomb out and give it a house of their own. His speeches were very popular among angry blacks and he was frequently on the front page of the newspaper. It was rumored that other Nation of Islam members were jealous about his popularity and worried about the power he was gaining. After the JFK assassination, Malcom stated: "President Kennedy never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon... Being an old farm boy myself, chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they always made me glad." After many death calls from irritated Whites, The Nation of Islam started to distance themselves from Malcom. There was already friction between The Nation of Islam and they did not want the Nation of Islam to get a bad name because of Malcom. Feeling pressure to leave and felt betrayed by his church, he started the Organization of Afro-American Unity. They had the commitment to "doing whatever is necessary to bring the Negro struggle from the level of civil rights to the level of human rights." While making a speech in the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem on Feb 21, 1965 he was assassinated by 3 persons all belonging to the NOI. Whether you like him or not, Malcom X was charismatic leader that said the many things that had to be said in the midst of the civil rights movement. "By any means necessary! I'm for freedom. I'm for a society in which our people are recognized and respected as human beings, and I believe that we have the right to resort to any means necessary to bring that about." -Malcom X, interview with Claude Lewis (December 1964) This statement and others helped propel the recognition of prejudice in the heart of America. Whenever I research into a past leader I always feel a great sadness that a great mind has perished with the person. But in this one case, there is a small sense of relief. Violence bleeds violence. 3 men whom he has preached gunned down a man that has preached violence to advance his cause. They stood over his body and emptied their guns. I hope all people can learn from this and move forward together as a nation in peace.

Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution

Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution Introduction People normally go for screening tests for specific reasons. There are different health related conditions at the family level that members may test. Screening tests enable families comprehend health related conditions in their lineages. Furthermore, screening generates accurate information, which informs patients decision-making processed. The results emerging from screening processes are crucial to clients.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The interpretation of screening results is also crucial to providing clients with accurate information regarding their health conditions. Evidently, challenges associated with interpreting screening results are imminent. This increases the requirement that people interpret screening results with caution. In the subsequent sections, this paper discusses the reasons for excising caution while interpreting test results Possibilities for a false-positive result and a false-negative result Every family anticipates that screening should generate accurate information. However, screening outcome may hinder health related decision making in certain situations. Screening results may defectively discriminate between clients with disease and those without. This can happen when the outcome is incoherent with the actual clinical condition of client. The challenge may also emerge because of improper integration of screening outcome within the clinical contexts (Marotz Allen, 2013). Therefore, an imperfect screening test may erroneously categorize a healthy client as diseased. This creates the false – positive result situation. On the contrary, it may also erroneously identify a sick client as disease – free (Marotz Allen, 2013). This creates the false – negative result situation. There is the need for people in charge of screening pr ocesses to practice caution while interpreting results. The recognition that inherent operating characteristics of screening processes may generate inaccurate outcome requires caution (Marotz Allen, 2013). The ability of screening processes to ensure accuracy in excluding or including disease on a client may be prone to errors. This is a genuine reason demanding caution while reading screening results. The Role of Screening Tools Several tools are applicable in screening processes. Generally, people in charge of screening processes regard the tools as perfect. However, some screening tools may have defects and problems leading to failures. The screening tools that have defects may not generate accurate outcome. For example, instruments employed in cognitive measurements may fail to generate accurate outcome (Spencer, Bornholt Ouvrier, 2003).Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, people in charge of the screening processes may openly abuse such tools thus affecting their accuracy. In addition, using screening tools designed for larger populations to test individuals may prompt cautious in the interpretation of outcome (Spencer, Bornholt Ouvrier, 2003). These concerns make it worth for people tasked with conducting screening processes to exercise precaution. They need to exercise precaution on the interpretation of screening outcome. The prevalence of disease It is notable that sometimes specialists are interested in conducting screening tests for specific diseases among people in a population. The specialists recognize that the popularity of a disease within a particular population significantly affects screening test effectiveness (Marotz Allen, 2013). It is notable that very good screening tests may have reduced extrapolative value positives in areas of low disease incidence. This normally presents additional challenges be cause people in charge of screening should have familiarity of the estimated disease incidence while interpreting screening outcome (Ore, Tamir, Stein Cohen-Dar, 2009). This is also a concern requiring people to exercise caution while interpreting screening outcome. Conclusion The above discussions relates to the reasons why people should exercise caution while interpreting screening outcome. The possibility of screening results generating a false – positive and false – negative outcome necessitates caution. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of screening tools as well as disease incidence may affect screening outcome. References Marotz, L. R., Allen, K. E. (2013). Developmental Profiles: Pre-Birth through adolescence (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Ore, L., Tamir, A., Stein, N., Cohen-Dar, M. (2009). Reliability of vision screening tests for school children. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(3), 250-259. Doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01283.xAdvertisi ng We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reasons for Interpreting Screening Tests Results with Caution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spencer, F. H., Bornholt, L. J., Ouvrier, R. A. (2003). Test reliability and stability of childrens cognitive functioning. Journal of Child Neurology, 18(1), 5-11.

Changes During The Booming 1950s

Prosperity in the 1950s After the Second World War, the world changed and the lives of people changed. While North Americans see economic prosperity and improvements in life, every region of the world is trying to recover from the tragedy of war. The increase in demand for military products has resulted in an increase in the manufacturing industry. In Canada, as the army gets married back, mass production of baby boomers and various products boost the economy. Historians in the 1950s prosperous economy using the word prosperity, prosperous suburbs, and most importantly the so-called baby boom. This prosperity began in 1946. At that time, the number of babies reached a record level - 3.4 million people - born in the United States. In the 1950s, about 4 million babies were born each year. Generally, when prosperity flourished in 1964, there were about 77 million baby boomers. After the end of the Second World War, many Americans were enthusiastic about laying babies as they believed th at peace and prosperity are only the future. In many respects, they are correct. Between 1945 and 1960, the gross national product doubled from over $ 200 billion to over $ 500 billion. Turbulence I, 1920 - 50 years from 1920 to 1950, the effects of war, economic turmoil, and devastating social change. During this period, the roar of the 1920s will show economic prosperity, economic collapse of the Great Depression, and social destruction of the Second World War. Meanwhile, the government will introduce large-scale tariff protection to Australian manufacturers and strive to improve the economy and create employment. This protection is the largest in the tire manufacturing and apparel industry, which is a very powerful industry in Dunlop. These tariffs hinder Dunlop's import from abroad, but it will have a long-term impact, which will lower Dunlop's competitiveness to succeed in the global market. In the 1950s, Americans forgot the war and enjoyed a long economic boom (Butler). The e conomic boom of the 1950s and the 1960s was caused by a sharp increase in demand but it also reflected another long-term trend - mass production. By the eye-catching example of Henry Ford's Model T industry Have adopted large-scale production strategies and technologies to meet increasing public demand (Barton). The Great Depression has finally disappeared from the hearts of people, and many people did not want to participate in another war. It is said that many people do not know very little about the Korean War, but maybe people just want to avoid another war.

Human Resource Management And Why It Is Critical In Employment Law Essay

Human Resource Management And Why It Is Critical In Employment Law - Essay Example As such, the statute provides that an employee is entitled to a notice period, prior to dismissal. Such notice period is established on the basis of the length of service of the employee (National Employment Rights Authority, 2012). Application An employee has been defined at section 230(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996, as an individual who works under a contract of employment. The Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 require employers to implement procedures for grievance and disciplinary actions. These statutory procedures have to be commenced in the first instance. This is essential for submitting employment issues before the employment tribunal. A dismissal will be deemed to be unfair, if the employer fails to adopt these procedures (Pothecary Witham Weld, 2012). Furthermore, the employer would be held liable by the court. Employees should have completed a one year of continuous service with the same company to avail the protection of dismissal rights. T his applies only to those employees who were appointed before 6 April 2012. The corresponding period is two years for employees appointed after this date. In our problem, Janice had worked for two years with the same company. Hence, she should have been provided with a dismissal notice, which was not done by the company. Consequently, the dismissal procedures conducted by the company cannot be deemed as fair. Furthermore, in instances, wherein the employer dismisses an employee via procedures that are unfair, the dismissal will be deemed to be unfair, regardless of the issues involved (emplaw, 2012). Although, Kelsey had not completed a year’s period of employment with the company, she can file a claim of wrongful dismissal against the company for not following fair procedures in her dismissal. In general, the circumstances of a particular case, will determine the action that is justified or reasonable, whenever there is a need for formal action. As such, the employment tribu nals will take into account, the size and resources of an employer, at the time of deciding on cases (Code of Practice 1 ACAS Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures, 2009). Under no circumstances, disciplinary or grievance issues should be dealt with in an unfair manner. Moreover, the ACAS has strongly recommended a thorough investigation of allegations by employers. Prior to a disciplinary hearing, particulars of the allegations have to be provided to the employee. In addition, the employee should be provided with an opportunity to explain what had transpired, and to draw attention to any extenuating circumstances (Birkinshaw & Fairclough, 2001). In our problem, Janice and Kelsey were suspected of having stolen a harddisk drive, since it was located in their jointly held locker. They were immediately suspended by the Warehouse Manager, and after two days a disciplinary meeting was conducted and they were dismissed. It is incumbent upon an employer to adhere to a fair process, while addressing a disciplinary or grievance issue. This holds good, even if the employee in question admits to the offense, as also to instances of gross misconduct. In general,

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET Essay - 2

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET - Essay Example Total Economic Integration when monetary, fiscal, social and macroeconomic policy are entirely unified and a supra-national authority exists, whose decisions are binding for all member states (Laffan et al., 1999). The economic nature of this union determined its integration in the field of economy to an extent the European founding fathers never imagined; however, the ongoing process of EU enlargement provoked many controversies and problems related to the core nature of integration within the EU and the subsequent process of further expansion of the union. Two consecutive waves of enlargement after the 1990s led to visible economic, political and social problems and since then ’European integration was accompanied by increasing levels of Euroscepticism among European voters’ (Richardson, 2006). Without the present deep economic integration, the EU would have never emerged as a leading global player and economic power on par with the United States. On the other hand, p roblems related to its aggressive expansion in the past two decades leave many question marks about the future of the union’s economic and political integration and the ways this integration will be pursued. A key element in this process will be the convergence between the new member states and the old, and the richest, ones due to the significant income gap between them and this convergence could occur only ’in the presence of certain key growth factors and supporting policies’ as Andre Sapir (2005) wrote in his foreword to Economics and Policies of an Enlarged Europe. Both theory and practice suggest that there was no other way of development for the EU but to pursue deep economic integration in order to establish a strong and viable union, its roots being in the European Coal and Steel Community created with the Treaty of Paris in 1951 by Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands – a purely economic alliance. In 1957, the Treaties of Rome gave birth to the

Transcript of Herbie By Archie Weller Essay Example for Free

Transcript of Herbie By Archie Weller Essay Colour Symbol Image Herbie by Archie Weller Colour, Symbol, Image By Samuel Beech The colour black is very symbolic in the story â€Å"Herbie† by Archie Weller, the colour black is associated with dark, sinister and contentious acts as is apparent is this morally challenging piece of text. The text challenges our values as a young boy is bullied until he falls to his death out of a tree he is forced to climb. The fact that an indigenous writer has written this text from the point of view of a racist young white boy, suggests that he is trying to get young white boys to see the damage they can cause . Black in some cultures is seen as the work of the devil and in some as the colour of mourning and a representation of grief. The darkness of the colour black helps bring forward one of the key ideas of racial superiority. â€Å"Herbie was the only boong to go to our school. Perhaps this is why we taunted and teased him,† this quote backs the key idea of racial superiority. The ‘whitefellas’ in the town regard Herbie and his family as outcast and they see themselves as racially superior. This comes about because of naturalised assumptions developed since 1788 when the European sailors saw the aboriginals still running around in there loin cloths and with no apparent form of Literature. Since then the naturalised assumption has been strengthened by many different things, the white Australian Policy being one of them. When the Australian government stopped non-whites immigrating. The colour black is symbolic of the white suppression of the indigenous in Australia. The colour could also be symbolic of a cultural genocide against Herbies family and his culture.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Essay -- Harry Potter and the

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry potter and the prisoner of Azkaban is an excellent book. Out of ten stars I would rate this one an eight because it was to short. Once you get into it and finish it. It seems so short, because it is so interesting. Harry Potter and the prisoner of Azkaban starts out with a bang. In the beginning Sirius black a Man accused of thirteen murders in one night escapes from Azkaban.( A wizard prison guarded to the tee by dementors, deadly spirits that feast on anything happy. Basically they suck the life out of you slowly until you go mad and lose sanity). Harry runs away on the same night and crosses the man without realizing it. Since Sirius is an ananamugus he is able to turn into a giant black dog which sort of looks like â€Å"death†. When Harry g...

Submarine Sandwich and Subway

Subway’s Domestic and International Marketing Plan Presented by Moses Ballenger The University of Houston – Victoria International Marketing (MKT 6377) 2011 Summer Session Table of Contents 2. – Letter of Recommendation 3. – Executive Summary 4. – Introduction, Background, Summary and update of the case study 2. 1 – Target Market Analysis 2. 12 – Primary Target Market 2. 13 – Primary Target Market Demographics 2. 14 – Secondary Target Markets 2. 2 – SWOT Analysis 2. 21 – Strengths (3 strengths) 2. 22 – Weaknesses (3 Weaknesses) 2. 23 – Opportunities (3 Opportunities from the macro environment analysis) 2. 4 – Threats (3 Threats from the macro environment analysis) 2. 3 – Competition Analysis 2. 31 – Primary Competitor 2. 32 – Secondary Competition 2. 4 – Keys to Success (3 keys to success of the company in order) 2. 5 – Macro Environment Analysis 2. 51 – Economy (2 macro economy factors) 2. 52 – Culture (2 macro culture factors) 2. 53 – Politics, Rules, and Regulations (2 factors) 2. 54 – Technology (2 factors) 3. 1 – Mission Statement 3. 2 – Marketing Objectives (3 Objectives in order of importance) 3. 3 – Financial Objectives (From the competition analysis) 3. – Positioning strategy (From the competition analysis) 3. 5 – Marketing Mix Strategies 3. 51 – Product Strategy 3. 52 – Price Strategy 3. 53 – Promotion Strategy 3. 54 – Place Strategy 4. 0 – References 5. 0 – Appendices (Promotion flyer and other) 1. 2 Letter of Recommendation Subway Franchise Headquarters/Doctor’s Associates Inc. CEO, President, Co-Founder 325 Bic Drive Milford, Connecticut 06461 United States Dear Mr. Fred DeLuca, I would like to thank you first for the opportunity to conduct the marketing assessment proposal for your company.I hope you find m y recommendations satisfactory in this letter, which is summarized below. Subway must first be honored for its accomplishments so far to date. Such success has come about from a small business partnership out of Bridgeport, Connecticut to big international success. As stated in your vision, Subway strives to be the #1 quick service restaurants in the world, while delivering fresh, delicious sandwiches, and exceptional experience. I believe that such a vision is achievable for the global, Japanese, and emerging markets.Despite the challenges and failures of the Japanese market entry, there is much opportunity, lesson, and market share to capture. My primary recommendation discussed in the proposal is that Subway conducts an aggressive and re-entry approach to Japan. This aggressive, re-entry approach needs to be more adaptive to the Japanese/Asian culture this time. This adaptation will need to take place from an advertising and product perspective most importantly. How effective Sub way focuses on these two aspects will determine their success in Japan and Asia.While Subway has been highly successful in their global expansion, the Japanese and Asian markets will call for more adoption and customization. Nowadays, value, expressed as a level of quality for an affordable price seems to have traction in the global marketplace. Emergence of â€Å"cost-consciousness† seems to be reshaping business. Subway has done a great job at remaining flexible enough to change its operational policies and wise enough to listen to its franchisees. Subway must continue to take this practice into Japan and Asian, while focusing on their core competencies.Subway will have to listen to what problems franchisees are having and make adjustments accordingly. It’s the franchisee that’s on the front line, seeing the daily operations, challenges, and customer interaction. I hope you find the research and recommendations sufficient to act on. Thank you again for your ti me and consideration. 1. 3 Executive Summary Subway represents an excellent case study of a truly globalized company in today’s market place. The company’s focused its roots from owner Fred DeLuca, who has had a clear vision for the future of the Subway  ® brand as it continues to grow and serve its customers.The passion for delighting customers by serving fresh, delicious, made-to-order sandwiches and providing people with quick, cheap, and nutritious meals has contributed Subway to being the franchise leader in the fast food industry. Subway’s clever advertising, pricing strategy, flexibility, and operational efficiency have allowed them to expand and be profitable beyond domestic borders. Such success has allowed Subway to venture into several international markets. Subway has withstood the recent 2009 economic downturns that plague a variety of industries partially due to favorable industry circumstances and its own innovative actions.Despite Subwayâ€℠¢s past domestic and international success, it is having difficulty in other markets like Japan. To be success in challenging markets like Japan and new/emerging markets, Subway will have to continue to think â€Å"outside the box†. This thinking may have to be customized to the extent of each particular market or country. These challenging and â€Å"un-tapped† markets of Japan, Latin America, and Asia for Subway are saturated with domestic competitors like McDonald’s, Starbucks, KFC and international competitors like Mos Burger, Mister Donut, and Yoshinoya.Subway is capital rich with a strong brand image and is therefore positioned well and capable of making large investments in the Asian, Latin America, and other markets. The Subway brand success in other countries shows that it can be customized to local cultures and markets for global expansion success. Despite the challenges, Subway has much potential and is well positioned to create profitability and marke t share in Japan, Asia and other markets. Subway will need to continue to be innovative, market its strengths, make the necessary adjustments to failures, and take advantage of opportunities. 1. Introduction, Background, summary and update of the case study Introduction Subway is an American restaurant franchise that sells mainly submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It also offers breakfast items such as bagels and egg & sausage sandwiches. In addition Subway makes personal pizzas and salads upon order. It main office is in Milford, Connecticut, with five regional centers supporting the growing international operations. Regional offices are in the Netherlands, Australia, Lebanon, India, and Florida. Background Subway is owned and operated by Doctor’s Associates Inc. (DAI) and was founded by Fred De Luca and Peter Buck in 1966.The name comes from the fact that Peter Buck holds a doctorate degree. On August 28, 1965 Fred De Luca borrowed $1,000 from family friend Peter Buck to start his first sandwich shop. In 1966, they opened their second Subway restaurant in New York Summary of Case The case presentation is a marketing plan for Subway’s up coming 2012 fiscal year. In addition, a detailed SWOT analysis is included. The marketing plan contains a target market analysis which explains Subway’s target markets and demographics. A competition analysis is included, which identifies Subway and it competitors in the industry.The marketing plan includes strategy suggestions in regard to product, price, promotion, and place. These strategy recommendations are aimed toward fulfilling the suggested mission statements as well. Update of Case Study During the construction of this marketing plan, Subway continues to move on its globalization strategy thru its aggressive franchising campaign. The Subway franchise was ranked the number-one franchise in the submarine sandwich category in the 2011 Franchise 500 Issue of Entrepreneur Magazine. As of today S ubway has 34,824 stores in 98 countries and hopes to expand 2,010 restaurants in the U. K. and Ireland. 2. 1 Target Market Analysis Subway conducts a standard market analysis that focuses on a target market area. In the target market, Subway focuses on the highest potential opportunity and will render the greatest return. Like any other company, Subway will steer away from unattractive markets that offer low return and opportunity 2. 12 Primary Target Market The primary target market consists of individual customers mostly thru the ages of 16 – 36 years old, who are healthy and cost conscious [1]. Subway intends to market these individuals as a healthier fast-food option as compared to others such as Mc. Donald’s and Burger King. . 13 Primary Market Demographics Subway provides fast food services of sandwiches for individuals and businesses in different industries. In addition, the company provides franchisor services to its franchisee in the form of support and guidan ce. . The increase in sales of the sandwiches lately has put the hamburger behind as the #1 fast food sought for. Such a desire in sandwiches sales has been a result of a decrease in consumer spending on hamburgers and fries. A more demand has been toward healthier options. Sales of sandwiches are growing 15% annually, outpacing sales of burgers and steaks (McCarthy, 2006).The demand demographics in this market depends on consumer preferences and consumer preference trends. Currently in the market, particularly the U. S. , there is an increased emphasis on healthier and affordable food choices as compared to the past. Subway typical operates in high metropolitan and condensed areas, but now subway franchises have expanded to outside of urban areas to rural areas. It’s not uncommon to see a subway storefront in a small town. In addition Subway store front also operate out of unconventional locations such as schools, universities, stadiums, museums, military stations, truck sto ps, and gas stations. . 14 Secondary Target Markets Subway also functions as franchisor, so it continually seeks business opportunities with potential investors of franchises. Subway provides prospective investors with franchise information, guidance, and seminars. There is also a FAQ on the company website to answer the most common questions about franchisee opportunities. Subway main business is to sell sub sandwiches to individuals, which drives the main business and secondly to captured qualified and successful franchisees to grow their business. 2. 2 SWOT Analysis 2. 21 Strengths 1.Brand Name Subway’s brand image and appeal has grown significantly thru its healthy and nutritional advertising, it celebrity advertising, and it affordable products. According to Entrepenuer. com was the number 1 franchise in 2001. 2. Product Offering Despite the heavy competition in product offering in the fast food industry. Subway has continued to battle in this category against its compet itors of Mc Donald’s, Jack in the Box, KFC, and many more. Subway increased its sandwich offerings such as the BBQ pulled pork, along with adding new breakfast items, salads, and pizza.Along with its increased product offerings, the company has added a healthy and nutritional food concept and has successfully appealed to customers as a healthier option. 3. Simple Franchise operations Subway has a franchise system that is extremely simple compared to other franchises. From an operational standpoint, the preparation of a sandwich is mostly done in front of the customer and has simple steps to make all their sandwiches. From a startup perspective, a franchisee can build a store well under $200,000. According to Enterpenuer. com, Subway has cheaper start up costs than Mc.Donald’s, Pizza Hut, KFC, and Dunkin Donuts. Low start up costs have allowed Subway to venture out in non traditional outlets like hospitals, schools, and retail stores like Home Depot and Wal Mart. 2. 22 Weaknesses 1. No Product Differentiation Subway’s product offerings have no trademark or patent protection, so it products are no different from its competitors. The only variable that sets Subway apart from its competition is its price. Against its competition, Subway offerings are limited. Other sandwich shops such as Potbelly’s, which-wich, and Quizno’s offer more meat and sandwich type choices. 2.Franchise Over Saturation in certain markets In an interview with Franchise 500, franchise consultant and CEO of FranChoice Jeff Elgin says that there are complaints about encroachment issues –concerns that they’re putting too many units close together. 3. Bottleneck in Franchise Growth – In contrast to the over saturation of franchise stores, there also has been some stunting of growth in this regard. In an interview with Franchise 500, CEO DeLuca says that there is a bottleneck in Subway’s growth, with many franchisees still searching f or a storefront. The real estate bust and frozen credit have slowed openings. . 23 Opportunities 1. Growth ( International) Subway has more potential than its competitors for continued success in profits and growth in the domestic and foreign markets. 2. Improved Franchise Relations Despites the past issues between Subway and it franchisees, there is still room and opportunity for the company to enhance their relationships. Such an enhancement will lead to increased satisfaction among franchisees and improved reputation to Subway. This will eventually lead to increased intrinsic value for the company and increased financial value. 3. Untapped Product OfferingsSubway has the potential to further contend and exceed their competitors in their product offering range. The company will have to make continued investments into research and development and testing to see what products work. Subway has room to experiments with different meats, cheeses, bread, and other fixins. Since the compa ny is global they can expand their product offerings to foreign consumers taste preferences. 2. 3 Competition Analysis The Fast food industry is under constant and evolving competition. The main competitors in this industry are McDonald’s, Yum Brands, Wendy’s, and Jack-in-the- Box.Yum Brands consists of KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and Long John Silver’s. In addition, Subway faces secondary competitive pressures from other sandwich makers like Quiznos, Jimmy Johns, Potbelly’s, Lenny’s Subs, Firehouse Subs, Which-wich and many others. With the increased sales of sandwiches in recent years as compared to burgers, secondary competition should be well on the rise for Subway. (13) 4. Keys to Success According to Michael McCarthy, success factors will include products and marketing targeted to healthier menu selections, brand consistency, low start-up costs, franchisee support, and consumer convenience.This success factors covers the scope of Subwayâ€℠¢s current challenges and concerns. Subways continued success will continue to thrive off its brand, attractive low franchise costs, and healthy menus selection. However, Subway will have to focus on improving their relations with franchisees. A lack of mismanagement of the franchisee issues could lead to catastrophic results for the company. 5. Macro Environment Analysis 2. 51 Economy In 2008 and 2009, the world seemed turned upside down by negative economics events. The financial meltdown in the U. S. lagued several industries, reduced the availability of credit, and created massive job losses. The two effects created massive ripple effects in every regard, such as reduced consumer spending and increase cost consciousness. The fast-food industry seemed unaffected despite and Subway seemed to find a sweet growth in a sour economy. Companies like Starbucks suffered when customers get the jitters about paying for premium coffee. But Subway managed to do supremely well in a down econo my where its $5 dollar foot long and other value food items appealed to cost conscious customers.As a whole the industry has embraced value meals, cutting prices and offering more or less. It has been a reaction to more consumers who are avoiding restaurants in an effort to save money. For the industry, price-cutting is a tested technique to weather an economic downturn. Subway has proven such so far during the U. S. sluggish economy my offering daily value meals and monthly specials like the $2 cold cut and meatball subs for July. 2. 52 Culture Subway has capitalized on the health conscious revolution by focusing its advertising on its healthy but tasty offerings.It featured a testimonial by a satisfied customer, Jared Fogle, who stated that he lost 245 pounds by substituting on 6’ Subway sandwich a day for one of his meals. The results were impressive and the company embraced the Jared testimonial of the health benefits of eating its food compared to others. The Jared campa ign proved to have excellent timing during the health consciousness revolution in America. After the company realized the value of Jared’s testimonial, it applied its professional communications staff to create appealing advertising, harness social media, and develop online relationship building activities. Pina, 2010). From the point Subway launched as series of health initiatives in response to the high demand of the â€Å"health culture†, such as â€Å"Eat Fresh† and modified its corporate web site to the nutritional and health informative needs of its customers and the public. 2. 24 Threats 1. Franchisee Disparity – Subway has had a continued history of franchisee dissatisfaction. Such dissatisfaction has come from franchisor support, franchise contractual arrangements, and over saturation of franchises in some markets. These disparities will affect the public image of Subway as an investment choice among investors and it profits.The extent of franchi see dissatisfaction has even led to litigation and class action law suits over Subways’ poor contractual provisions. 2. Franchisee Disparity (Revenues) – Franchisee disparity is two-fold. The other side of the disparity is poor franchise performance. This disparity can be seen as early as 1998. In a CNN Money article, consultant Cliff Marshall estimates that 25% of franchisees are unhappy and suffering, while about 40% are just getting by and making a few dollars, and 30-35% are happy and doing fine, though many of the happiest owners are also agents, who can control the number of competing Subways. . Competition – An ongoing threat to Subway is its own competition with the fast food industry. Its biggest competitor, McDonald’s will constantly stay on its heals in competition in terms of global expansion, product offering, financial performance, and many other variables. In addition, other competitors like Quiznos, Which wich, Jack n-the Box continue to o ffer more product offerings and competitive prices . Any slow or bad year for Subway could lead it to be easily bumped down in the franchise ranking. 2. 53 Politics, Rules and RegulationsSubway is under regulation over several federal, state, local agencies. In addition the company can become subject to pressure from consumer watch/advocacy groups. Given that Subway is in the fast food industry, the company like its competitors have seen significant pressure in corporate social responsibility on food quality for consumers. For example, according to the Center of Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and more than 30 other national and local health advocacy groups and experts have urges Subway to set nutritional standards for foods marketed to children.According to the CSPI and other groups, Subway is missing from industry self-regulatory programs. CSPI and other groups wants Subway to join the Council of Better Business Bureau’s Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI). Since Subway resides in the fast food industry, it has also came under heavy subjection for calorie content, Trans fat, and portion sizes. In response to such Subway has become more transparent in its product offerings to consumers. In addition is has labeled the fat and calorie content on some of its sandwiches online and in the stores.If you go to Subway’s website, and click on a given product, it will show the nutritional information. Such a disclosure of informational has resulted from national and local group pressure. 2. 54 Technology The use of technology is playing a significant role in the outcome of international business success. Subway must devise a technology strategy that will keep it well informed on it sales metrics, customer spending behavior, and inventory management. The use of e commerce and web-enables services with suppliers and vendors will be necessary in today’s business climate.All these technological pursuits will need to aim at customer satisfaction, inventory efficiencies, gathering critical information quickly. The use of technologies such as internet and Point-of-Sale will be pivotal for Subway and its franchisee’s to gather and collect information quickly and efficiently as compared to traditional ways. With POS data can be processed to provide instant information on weekly sales movements and market shares of individual stores. POS also renders better data quality. It can act as virtually comptroller of information. (Kotabe, Helsen 2010).According to Restaurant Informer. com, another trend in quick-service restaurants (QSR) is the use of kiosk ordering and contactless payment options. Installing Kiosks saves labor and cuts down on staff errors. Such errors can be on wasted food or register errors. The Subway is currently experimenting with kiosks, allowing customers to select their own order. 3. 1 Mission Statement â€Å"Delight every customer so they want to tell their friends  œ with great value through fresh, delicious, made-to-order sandwiches, and an exceptional experience. 3. 2 Marketing ObjectivesGlobalization is a increasing pattern in today’s markets. Subway success is still heavily dependent on its U. S. operations, since roughly 20,000 of the 34,842 worldwide stores are in the U. S. Therefore revenues are highly dependent on the domestic stores/franchises. Since Subway is a privately held company, any form of marketing objectives will not published. Therefore, I have suggested a set of marketing objectives for the upcoming 2011 and 2012 fiscal years. Objective 1 (Continue International Expansion) – Subway continues to grow globally each year.Based off the chart below, Subway is expanding 2,000 stores on average since 1995. If this trend continues and all variable remain constant the company by volume will capture more revenues over time. Such increase in volumes may or may not fulfill the financial objectives mentioned below. [pic] Objective 2 (Capture more global revenues and market share) – In conjunction with Objective 1, Subway will need to focus on capturing more revenues for 2011 and 2010 in international markets. More store-front expansion will lead to less dependency on the U. S. market performance and economic climate.According to Micheal McCarthy the U. S. fast food market has seen a healthy rise in growth in the last three years, with a compound annual growth rate of 2. 3% between 2005 and 2010. The overall market value from this is $57billion by the end of 2010. Given this information, it can be inferred that the growth rate will continue at this pace. So for 2011 and 2012 the fast food industry should be valued around $58 and $59 million respectfully. Given this incremental pattern, Subway should look to increase the market share by 1-5% domestically. Such a market share goal is feasible and reasonable.This domestic goal should be used as a guidance for calculating international figures. Ea ch individual foreign market would have to be assessed to determine what type of marketing objectives. Objective 3 (Make Key Strategic Partnerships in Foreign Markets) – Regardless if the market is Japan or Latin American, Subway will need to make key strategic alliances with host country firms when necessary. Such alliances will avoid costly and failed entries, such as Japan. Given the nature of Subway’s franchise business, franchisees take majority of the burden for failed performance.The nature of the strategic alliance will vary from each market. Subway may have to make different types of alliance between Japan and Latin America for example. It is evident that a unique form of strategic alliance will be needed for Japan as compared to Latin America. Clearly Subway will need a strategic alliance, where a Japanese advertising firm will do the promotion and advertising to help get the brand across. Another strategic alliance that could be made in Japan is one with Jap anese organic farmers and meat producers.This alliance could bring in the fresh organic ingredients needed for the appeal to Japanese consumers. 3. 3 Financial Objectives Since Subway is privately held, the company is not subject to stockholder expectations and pressures. However, the company is subjected to heavy competitive pressures. Such pressures have transpired to financial performance. Objective 1 (Increase Domestic & Global Revenues): According to â€Å"The Week†, Subway’s revenues in 2010 was $15. 2 billion, while Mc Donald’s was $ 24 billion.. Subway had 33. 749 stores worldwide, while Mc Donald’s 32,737 stores in 2010.Clearly this shows the top two competitors in the industry battling intensely. Subway clearly is behind in revenues overall and revenues per outlet. Objective 2 ( Increase Franchisee Financial Performance): Given the franchise business model, Subway does have an obligation to service and support franchisees in their store-front go als and challenges. Given this, overall franchise and franchisee financial objectives should be noted separately. Given the revenue figures mentioned above, Subway and its franchisees need work together to reduce operational costs by all measures.Sure a decrease in operational costs will help increase revenue per franchisee and make them more competitive with McDonald’s and other competitors. Such a focus to work with franchisee satisfaction will increase demand in the long run for Subway franchisee contracts and increase intrinsic value for the company. Objective 3 (Adjust Royalty fees): It can be inferred that Subway needs to increase its overall revenues and revenue per franchise in order to close the gap between its biggest competitor. To meet this financial objective will be challenging.The company globally is seeing a rise in operational expenses in the form of rising minimum wage, utilities, and food processing. It appears that the quickest adjustment that the company can make to increase revenues is to reduce or increase the royalty franchise fees. According to Subway’s FAQs on its website, royalty fees are 8% of a franchisee’s revenues in the U. S.. However the company may need to make royalty adjustments worldwide and test the effects of a increase or decrease on overall revenue and revenue per franchise. 3. 4 Positioning StrategyAccording to Smithfam. com, a positioning strategy results in the image you want to draw in the mind of your customers, the picture you want him/her to visualize of you, what you offer, in relation to the market situation, and any competition you may have. † Since Subway operates in a highly competitive fast food environment both domestically and abroad, the company will have to keep its competitors in perspective when formulating a positioning strategy. The company should evaluate their competitors’ strengths in the Japanese market and incorporate it into their strategy.For example competit or, Mos Burger uses good quality ingredients, which reflects the chains higher prices and wholesome image. This has led to Mos Burgers’ success in Japan. While accomplishing all the noted above, Subway needs to stay focused on its core competencies and values that has gotten them to where they are today. 3. 5 Marketing Mix Strategies 3. 51 Product Strategy Subway provides products with a global brand that is well-known and, most importantly, healthy, with lots of flavor and variety on its menu. Subway product line consists of numerous varieties of sandwiches served with different fillings and on different types of bread.The choices are complex but the product line is anchored by one choice: 6 inches or 1 foot long. Subway has been successful in the U. S. with its product offerings, pricing, and advertising and has led to a strategic advantage for the company. Subway promotes its sandwiches as fresh, healthy and made-to-order. They use the slogan â€Å"Eat Fresh†. In th e international marketplace where Subway is trying to gain its footing, in terms of market penetration and gained market share, the company will need modify its product strategy differently from its international and domestic strategy to fit the needs of Japan and Asian countries.Since Japan and Asian countries have been such a challenge for the company, it will critical for Subway to develop a effective product strategy. Out of the four P’s in the marketing mix, Product strategy will be main determinate of Subway’s success in Japan. Subway promotes its sandwiches as fresh, healthy and made-to-order. They use the slogan â€Å"Eat Fresh†. This concept and slogan can be effective in Japan, but will have to be taken in a further context to satisfy Japanese consumers. Japanese consumers think of healthy food more in terms of quality – for example, how fresh, pure, or organic ingredients are than in terms of ts calorie or fat content or cholesterol level. Subw ay may have to modify its product strategy to show its quality more transparently with consumers or switch to organic ingredients. Therefore different investments made have to be made in higher quality foods as compared to other countries/markets. 3. 52 Price Strategy Pricing will correlate with product as an important factor of the marketing mix. A overhaul or significant modification in product strategy will affect pricing strategy accordingly.Given the product strategies suggested above, Subway may have to adjust its pricing for sandwiches if all organic ingredients will be used in Japan. This however may not translate to a negative response from consumers in Japan. Japanese consumers may be willing to pay more for a sub sandwich if it’s made of quality, fresh, and organic ingredients. Customer’s willingness to pay will vary across cultures [text book] and products that are perceived as good value in one culture may have little to no value in other cultures.So who k nows, maybe the $5 foot long concept will evolve to $ 6 foot long in Japan, where the Japanese see it as the same value as U. S. consumers. Another alternative maybe to pass the costs of â€Å"going organic† in Japan to other products, such as chips, drinks, cookies, or salads? In the end, to establish a stronger brand image and sustain/grow a market presence, Subway may have to subsidize their pricing to gain some market share and familiarity in Japan. This approach may be necessary until a market presence has been established and then the company can build in pricing promotions similar to the U. S. such as weekly value meals, monthly values deals ( $2 cold-cut & meat ball sandwiches in July), and foot-long specials ($5 foot long). 3. 53 Promotion Strategy Subway is the one of largest franchises in the world with a global presence that can be felt and seen. Despite this, such a global presence hasn’t been entirely felt in Japan and other Asian countries. Former franch isee owner Tetsuzo, Ono, in an interview with England’s The Times newspaper in 2002, said that â€Å"people who didn’t know sandwiches never saw any commercials, never heard any word of mouth and because the chain did not grow, never passed a store on the street†.Given this feedback from franchisees and the lack of success in Japan, Subway will need to revamp their promotion strategy. Such a promotion campaign will need to be focused on advertising, promotions, and direct marketing. Focusing on these three aspects will cover all distribution channels and get the word out to Japanese consumers. Subway can use channels such as internet, television, sport organizations, and special events. In addition the promotion strategy needs to be strictly adaptive and customized to the Japanese and Asian cultures. 54. Place StrategyPlace refers to distribution and also can be thought of as the â€Å"place of purchase†. This strategy asks â€Å"Do you want your product to be everywhere? or â€Å" do you want to create demand for it because its’ exclusive and hard to find? † [2] Its very important for Subway to be cautious with its’ place strategy because such a strategy makes a statement about the quality and â€Å"status† of their product. Typically Subway places its stores in commercial areas or as â€Å"stand-alone† stores. Subway will also place store fronts in unconventional locations, what Subway calls â€Å"unique stores† on its website.Such stores will be museums, airports, military bases, schools, colleges, stadiums, supermarkets, and gas stations. At the moment, Subway seems to be well positioned and on track in terms of place. There are already 115 stores in Japan. According to the franchise application guide book, Subway is focusing on opening more stores around Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe. In these cities, Subway will target downtown areas, business areas, amusement centers, and rail statio n hubs. References 1) The Week (2011, March 8). Subway, the World’s biggest restaurant chain: By the numbers. Retrieved, in 16h July 2011, from http://theweek. om/article/index/212902/subway-the-worlds-biggest-restaurant-chain-by-the-numbers 2) Subway Restaurant website. History. US. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http://www. subway. com/subwayroot/AboutSubway/history/subwayHistory. aspx 3) Michael McCarty (July 2006). Fast Food Market Forecast- The Subway Example of Strategic Product Positioning. Ezine Articles. Retrieved, in 17th July 2011, http://ezinearticles. com/? Fast-Food-Market-Forecast—The-Subway-Example-of-Strategic-Product-Positioning&id=735770 4) Entrepreneur Magazine (January 2009). Top 10 Franchises of 2009. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http://www. ntrepreneur. com/magazine/entrepreneur/2009/january/199094. html 5) Entrepreneur Magazine (2011) 2011 Global Franchising Rankings. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http://www. entrepreneur. com/fra nchises/rankings/topglobal-115388/2011,. html 7) Richard Behar (1998 March 16) Why Subway is†¦ Fortune Magazine. CNN Money. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1998/03/16/239302/index. htm 8) Margie Walker. (2008 August) Using Technology to Increase Your Bottom Line. Restaurant Informer. com. Retrieved, in 17th July 2011, http://www. restaurantinformer. om/2008/07/using-technology-to-increase-your-bottom-line/ 9) Synergy Resources (2008 February 12). Synergy Resources Announces Successful Implementation of ERP System at Visual Graphic Systems in NYC. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, http://www. synergyresources. net/pdf/Visual_Graphic_Systems_-_Press_Release. pdf 10) Official Subway Restaurant website. US. Retrieved, in 14th July 2011, from http://www. subway. com/subwayroot/index. aspx 11) Subway Restaurant website. World. Retrieved, in 15th July 2011, from http://world. subway. com/Countries/frmNutrition. aspx? CC=AUS&LC=EN G&Mode 12) Official Subway Restaurant website.Q&A. UK. Retrieved, in 15th July 2011, from http://www. subway. com/subwayroot/index. aspx 13) Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. SWOT. Retrieved, in 15th July 2011, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/SWOT_analysis 14) Entrepreneur Magazine (January 2009). Top 10 Franchises of 2009. Retrieved, in 14th July 2011, from http://www. entrepreneur. com/magazine/entrepreneur/2009/january/199094. html 15) Romero, Dennis. (2009). Subway hit the spot. Entrepreneur, Vol. 37(1), p 125 – 133, 8p. Retrieved from Business Source Complete 16) Comes, Steve. (2010). Fred DeLuca. Nation’s Restaurant News, Vol. 4 (37), p54, 1p. Retrieved from Business Source Complete 17) Nation’s Restaurant News (June 2010). Top 100 Chains Ranked by Growth In U. S. Franchise Units. Retrieved, in 15th July, from Business Source Complete 18) Lee A. Obringer. (June 2010). How Marketing Plans Work. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, http://money. howstuffworks. com/marketing-plan24. htm 19) CSPI (January 2009). Subway Urged to Set Nutritional Standards for Foods Marketed to Children. Center for Science in Public interest. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, http://www. cspinet. org/new/200901141. html Appendices A. Subway’s J-Curve [pic]